THE addition of THE infinitive to THE SUBJECT or object is one of THE syntactic structures in which accuracy plays an important role in THE correct understanding THE meaning of THE verses of THE Holy Quran. Sometimes THEre is disagreement among THE scholars who interpret THE Holy Book of Quran in determining wheTHEr THE infinitive is added to THE SUBJECT or to THE object. Translators have sometimes provided an inadequate translation. This article has tried to discover ways to resolve THE difference in determining THE qualificative role of genitive case and also to provide an expressive translation of this structure by using a descriptive-analytical-critical method and by examining a number of infinitives added to THE SUBJECT or object in THE Holy Quran. THE solutions to resolve THE dispute are as follows: Paying attention to how THE sentences relate to each oTHEr, paying attention to THE citation of THE SUBJECT in THE verse, paying attention to THE reason for using rhetorical devices in THE verse, paying attention to THE interpretive context (THE context of THE discussed verse, THE guiding purpose of THE Surah), paying attention to THE verses and narrations of THE same SUBJECT of THE verse and paying attention to THE requirements of servant politeness. THE use of THEse solutions in order to provide a correct and expressive translation of THE infinitive structure added to THE SUBJECT or THE object is necessary: THE use of verb in THE translation of THE infinitive, THE use of an appropriate word for translation of THE pronoun, THE use of an appropriate word in addition to THE accompanying added infinitive, THE use of THE explanations in parenTHEses, THE avoidance of compression writing and THE avoidance of literal translation.

Four important ways of religious education in THE field of beliefs are inferred in this article through THE nature of religion in THE Holy Quran. We have examined two categories of “nature of religion” and “methods of religious education” for this purpose. All verses including THE root of “د ـ ی ـ ن” (religion) have been investigated in order to properly understand THE nature of religion in THE Holy Quran. THEn, we have benefited from THE inference method to find THE ways of religious education in THE Holy Quran. In THE inferential method, we have reached THE “conclusion”, which is THE method of religious education by using two premises, “normative” and “realistic”. THE solutions of THE Holy Quran to achieve THE methods of religious education are explained in THE following. For example, using THE Scriptures directly to know THE right actions is one of THE solutions of THE Holy Quran to reach THE way of believing in THE punishment of deeds. THE achievement of religious education methods through discovering THE nature of religion and explaining THE purpose of education on THE one hand and using THE inferential method as a research method on THE oTHEr hand is one of THE innovations of this research. THE achievements of this paper can be used to provide an educational THEoretical model for formal and public education system.

How to profoundly change THE beliefs of THE polyTHEists during THE age of revelation from THE denial of THE Prophet (pbuh) to THE certainty of his Message and THE acceptance of his full guardianship is a question worthy of attention. THE order of verses about prophecy based on THE order of revelation is THE reason to lead a transformative process and a special Quranic method in institutionalizing THE belief of prophecy in THE lives of Arabs. In THE first stage, THE Holy Quran in THE first Makkī (Arabic: المکّیّ, suras revealed in Mecca) chapters has prepared THE commUNITY from THE motivational side to accept THE truth of THE Prophet’s (pbuh) prophecy and briefly stating THE key issues surrounding it. THE Holy Book of Quran at THE time of THE emergence of oppositions and doubts (THE second stage) destroyed THE arguments of THE polyTHEists and explained THE prophecy and proved its auTHEnticity from a cognitive perspective in THE second stage by presenting clear arguments. and THE Holy Book of Quran in THE third stage after Madanī (Arabic: المدنیّ, suras revealed in Medina) period has undertaken measures in order to fulfill THE goals of THE Massage by explaining THE true position of THE Prophet (pbuh) to deepen and operationalize THE Prophetic belief through explaining practical duties for THE Prophet (pbuh) and behavior based on THE acceptance of Walaya (Arabic: ولایة, meaning “guardianship” or “governance”).

THE verse “Spend your wealth in THE cause of Allah and do not let your own hands throw you into destruction and…” is one of THE verses of THE Holy Quran that jurists have cited it in various discussions (Al-Baqarah, 2:195). THEre are many debates in determining THE extent of THE prohibition and how to interpret this verse, although THE use of THE prohibition of casting (throwing) from this verse is not debatable. This paper which has been done by descriptive analytical method, seeks to answer THE question: Is THE criterion of THE prohibition of casting into Tahluka (Arabic: التَّهْلُکَة, destruction), probability, presumption, fear with individual criterion or generic fear? This research criticizes THE presented criteria after stating THE meaning of THE verse and presenting THE viewpoints and firstly, THE presented criteria accepts THE generality of casting into Tahluka (Arabic: التَّهْلُکَة, destruction), considering THE criticisms of oTHEr views and considering that THE case cannot limit (restrict) THE general and expanded meaning of THE verse and secondly, due to THE fact that rulings are enacted on titles and SUBJECTs in Islamic Sharia (Arabic: شریعة, Romanized: sharīʿa) and it is also accepted THE THEory of generic fear that is THE customary ruling for THE destruction of THE person due to THE improbability of jurists’ obligation to personal fear essential concomitants and due to THE recension (THE effective cause) of THE fatwā (Arabic: فتوی; plural fatāwā فتاوی) of jurists in verses such as THE mentioned verse. THErefore, casting into Tahluka (Arabic: التَّهْلُکَة, destruction) is forbidden, if it is from THE perspective of custom for THE human race.

A B S T R A C TTHE morphology of each region is related to its landforms, THE morphology of flat areas is related to inselbergs. THE presence of inselbergs in desert and dry areas gives a special appearance to THE morphology of THEse areas. THE study of THEse landforms and THE effective factors in THEir formation is considered a necessity in terms of regional development. According to THE studies, various factors play a role in THE formation of inselbergs, and THE role of lithology seems to be more prominent. In this research, which was conducted with THE method of field and library studies, we identified 18 inselbergs in Safi Abad plain and by studying THEm, we came to THE conclusion that THE inselbergs of this plain are mainly formed in sedimentary rocks such as limestone, conglomerate and sandstone. Among THE geological formations, THE largest and most diverse inselbergs in THE Safiabad plain are formed in THE mass conglomerate formation with good hardening because this formation is THE most widespread in this plain. But THE most typical inselbergs of this plain are formed in thick layered limestone. Because this formation is more resistant to erosion. Lar Formations including Limestone and Thick Limestone’s to Mass Dolomite and Delichai Formations have also played an important role in THE formation of inselbergs in this plain. Although THE extent of THEse formations is not significant, but due to THEir significant resistance to erosion and being far from THEse processes, THEy have caused THE formation of evolved inselbergs in this plainExtended AbstractIntroductionInselbergs are ridges with a height of less than 500 meters formed with a steep slope in THE plains. THEir resistance to erosion has caused THEm to be considered capable players in THE morphology of arid and semi-arid regions. Due to THEir uniqueness in desert areas, THEse areas are of interest to tourists, and THE economic situation of THEse areas can be improved by attracting tourists. THE prominence of inselbergs in desert areas has caused researchers to pay attention to THEir studies, THE most important of which are THE studies of Pye in Kenya (1984), Nenonen in Finland (2018), Luiza in Brazil (2021), Laetitia in Africa (2019), and Mashaal in Egypt (2020). Although THE conditions for inselberg formation are available in some areas of Iran, and THEse landforms have given a particular face to THE morphology of this country, no significant study has been done on THEm so far. This research attempts to investigate THE role of lithology in inselberg formation in Safi Abad Plain by using library and field studies. MethodologySafi Abad plain in THE norTHEast of Iran and North Khorasan province and in terms of geographical coordinates between 36-˚ 48-05 to 36-22-55˚ North and 37-57˚ East to 36-˚ 37-08 It is located at 57-58-11 east. Field and library studies were used to study THE inselbergs of this plain. THE entire region was surveyed in 2 years in THE field studies, and 18 inselbergs were identified. THEn, THE location and extent of THEir expansion were determined. In THE morphometry that was done as a survey, THE minimum height, length-to-width ratio of inselbergs, and THEir distance from each oTHEr were measured with GPS. THE study of THE concepts, definitions, and effective processes in inselberg formation was done with THE library method. THE maps of this research were drawn with Adobe Illustrator software. Results and discussionInselbergs are diverse in terms of morphology; in THE studied area, 18 inselbergs were identified, most of which are mixed. Most of THEm are rocky and have less vegetation. Regarding lithology, inselbergs are particular forms of igneous and metamorphic rocks, but some are also formed in oTHEr rocks. Although lithology plays an essential role in inselberg morphology, it cannot be claimed that inselbergs formed in THE same formation have THE same shape. Although THE dominant lithology of THE Safi Abad plain is formed from sedimentary rocks, due to THE different resistance of its formations, THE height, shape, and slope of THE inselbergs of this plain are different in different parts of THE region. THE difference in THEse characteristics has caused THE different shapes of THE land in this plain. According to THE studies of THE most resistant formations of Safi Abad plain against erosion, limestone is a thick layer of chert mass formed due to THE resistance against THE erosion of THE complete inselbergs.After this formation, THE Lar formation consists of fine-grained uniform dolomitic limestone with thick to massive layering, which is more resistant; that is why many inselbergs in THE region have formed in it. THE third formation in terms of resistance is THE Apsin-Albin unit, which includes orbitolinate limestone and thick limes to a mass of dolomite. Although this unit has a small area, its inselbergs are closer to typical inselbergs. In terms of area, most of THE area is composed of mass conglomerates with good hardening. Due to THE different effects of this formation from different processes, its inselbergs do not have THE same morphology. THE inselbergs formed in this formation are in THE middle part of THE high area, low in THE souTHErn part, incomplete in THE western part, and incomplete mushrooms in THE path of THE Gerati River. After this formation, gray shales are THE most resistant to erosion. This formation, which belongs to THE Jurassic period, has formed a large part of THE norTHEastern inselbergs. THE alternation of limestone and marl in THE Delichai formations in THE middle part of THE region provides THE basis for THE formation of mushroom-shaped inselbergs in THE future. ConclusionSafiabad Plain is in THE norTHEast of Iran, and in terms of geomorphological units, it is part of central Iran. Inselbergs form part of THE morphology of this plain. In this study, 18 inselbergs were identified in this plain, and THEir detailed study showed that THEir primary skeleton was established by tectonic activities in THE Devonian to Miocene period with THE formation of Posht Bahram mountains. It was formed when THE tectonic activities calmed down and in opposition to THE lithology and erosion of THE inselbergs of this plain. In terms of lithology, THE well-hardened conglomerate formation covers nearly 47% of this plain, and due to its large size and different distances from erosion processes, various inselbergs have been formed in it. THE souTHErn inselbergs formed in this formation have a regular shape due to wind and blue erosion. In contrast, THE middle inselbergs have an incomplete shape due to THE distance from higher erosion, and THE western inselbergs have an incomplete shape due to THE superiority of blue erosion. AnoTHEr formation that plays a vital role in this field is Lar Mei Formation. Although this is THE second formation in terms of size and strength, many inselbergs have formed in it. THE Shemshak formation is placed after THE Lar formation in terms of resistance. This formation has caused THE formation of chain inselbergs in THE norTHEast of THE region. THE most typical inselbergs of THE region are observed in THE thick layered limestones of THE formation (Maastrichtian). Also, this research found that inselbergs may be formed in all flat areas of THE world and even in sedimentary formations. However, THE inselbergs formed are far from those formed in tropical regions' igneous and metamorphic formations. FundingTHEre is no funding support. Authors’ ContributionTHE authors contributed equally to THE conceptualization and writing of THE article. All of THE authors approTHE contenttent of THE manuscript and agreed on all aspects of THE work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of InterestTHE authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all THE scientific consultants of this paper.

Sea shells are natural-biological objects. THEy are embedded in geological layers in THE form of fossils, but also, to find in archaeological deposits as a result of human activities. Archaeologists can use THE provenance of shells in THE functional analysis of ancient sites in terms of social archeology and prehistoric trading activities. Aarcheological excavations in several sites of THE Iranian Plateau have shown that from THE 3rd third millennium B.C. onwards, finds of of sea shells (e.g. Lambis, Dentalium, etc.) rapidely increased. Such shells were for instance discovered from ritual cemetery contexts such as Shahdad, Tepe Hesar, Kale Nisar cemeteries or Bani Surma. THEse objects are mainly used as natural or polished shells. In some cases, THEy served as a raw material for making all kinds of beads, buttons, and oTHEr ornamental objects.. THE main question is to understand THE relationship between THE use of seashells and archaeological context, and also, THEir role in Bronze Age ritual life. In this article, THE descriptive, analytical method has been used in THE biological recognition of all types of shells. This method is also used based on similar studies on this issue in Mesopotamia's archeology of THE Sumerian-Akkadian period. THE distribution of recognizable species shows that THEse objects are concentrated in THE settlements from south to souTHEast of Iran in THE coastal strip of THE Persian Gulf, and from THE Oman Sea to THE Zagros intermountain valleys, as well as in THE northwest and norTHEast of Iran. THE biological origin can be placed in THE norTHErn shores of THE Oman Sea to THE Gulf of Kutch on THE norTHErn coast of THE Indian Ocean. It seems that with THE growth and development of urbanization in Southwest Asia and especially THE development of sea trade, oysters have been traded as valuable goods and oTHEr prestige goods. THE importance of THE shell findings is more than THE value of THE shells THEmselves because THEy were used as sacred goods in religious affairs. Analysis of THE fields where THE shells were discovered is more related to cemeteries and temples as sacred spaces. Also, THE significant presence of Lambis shells for THE production of specific ritual bowls, placed togeTHEr with bronze axes in graves, can be seen as THE reflection of a patriarchic tradition in THE social-political organisiation of THE third and second millennia B.C. Despite many excavations and THE discovery of many samples of THEse types of shells, no furTHErgoing investigation on THEse specific objects was undertaken so far. This desideratum reveals more valuable findings in THE archeology of THE Iranian plateau. THErefore, one of this article's final goals is to focus more on analyzing THE context of THE discovery of seashells in future Excavation

To optimize tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum) plant tissue culture condition, THE effect of 13 different hormonal combinations and two explants of cotyledon and hypocotyl on THE regeneration rate of three Newton, Infinity and Defines cultivars were investigated. Experiments were conducted in a factorial based on a completely randomized design with three replications. THE highest shoot number (11.9 shoots per explant) was obtained for Defines cultivar on MS medium containing THE hormones of TDZ=0.68, NAA=0.1milligrams per liter and cotyledon explant. Plant defense responses against environmental factors are one of THE inhibitor factors of explants regeneration in plant tissue culture. Calcium ion signaling is one of THE primary events and, of course, THE most important event in plant defense response against pathogens, THErefore, THE effect of verapamil as a calcium channel blocker was investigated on THE plant defense response. For this purpose, inoculation was performed using Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain LBA4404 and based on optimized tissue culture condition. THE effect of verapamil in four concentrations of 0, 50, 100 and 200 milligrams per liter was investigated in a co-culture medium. Results showed that THE use of verapamil in comparison with THE control sample reduced THE plant defense response. Also, THE use of 50 milligrams per liter of verapamil increased THE amount of regeneration

THE lack of Quranic approaches in THE production of Quran-based humanities is still felt, despite THE predominance of THE philosophical approach in critical approaches to modern humanities, which has become very common in THE Islamic world and in Iran for several decades. It seems that THE capacity of THE method of THEmatic exegesis (al-Tafsīr al-mawdū'ī, Arabic: التفسیر الموضوعیّ) in this regard, can be used to bring THE Holy Quran into THE field of humanities. THEmatic exegesis, according to wheTHEr its SUBJECT is inside or outside THE Qur'an, has several functions in criticizing THE structure of modern knowledge and scientific research, as well as THE production of Islamic humanities. It is possible to make use of THEmatic exegesis of THE inside of THE Holy Book of Quran in order to “fundamental criticism” of THE general fundamentals of humanities -THE fundamentals of epistemology, axiology, ontology and anthropology- and it is also possible to use THEmatic exegesis for constructing and producing foundation of humanities obtained from THE Holy Quran. It is used by THEmatic interpretation exegesis of THE outside of THE Holy Book of Quran -such as Shahīd (martyr) Sadr’s interrogational approach- to answer THE problems of humanities and this process faces challenges such as THE complexity and multiplicity of THE “SUBJECT” of THE humanities that exist in modern terminology of this field. It can be used in order to solve this issue in some cases to know THE process of THE change of THE components of THE modern of THE conceptual history’s approach and also by analyzing THE issue into several components can be shown that THE components are not necessarily a product of THE modern era and can be followed up in THE Holy Quran and can be found up in THE Holy Quran. THE perspective of THE Holy Quran, after that, regarding THE modern SUBJECT in THE desired field by THE “combining” of THE results obtained based on THE THEmatic interpretation.

THE Abrahamic religions include THE three monoTHEistic religions of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. All of THEse religions consider Abraham as THEir ancestor, and THEy consider science to be THE knowledge of THE universe and humanity, which are divine revelations. THE framework of science in THE Abrahamic religions uses three basic concepts: 1) monoTHEism (as a fundamental principle, a single and all-encompassing Divine vision) 2) THE universe (as a divine creation) 3) science (as an all-encompassing knowledge about THE world as THE sign of God). THE purpose of writing this paper is to find THE common principles governing science among Abrahamic religions, using a descriptive-analytical method based on library sources. THE results of this research is an intellectual attempt to draw on THE commonalities between various Abrahamic religions in THE areas of constructive dialogue in THE field of globalization, based on revelatory and spiritual teachings, to achieve THE unification of THE world, which is one of THE divine promises and is rooted in THE natural foundations of humanity.

ABSTRACT Today, climate change and its obvious negative effects on ecosystems have caused concern. This research seeks to test wheTHEr vegetation changes are sensitive to climate shocks and also how THE ecosystem recovery process is through this index. In this regard, by using THE GEE platform, Java coding, GIS and statistical analysis, vegetation and Palmer indices were calculated and based on time series climate data, vegetation and climate changes were presented. THE results of Palmer's drought index show that during THE statistical period (1985-2020) THE study area is facing drought or is moving towards drought. Also, THE results indicate THE longest period of drought in THE region from 2013 to 2020. Totaly from 420 evaluated months, THE NDVI index is below THE change threshold in 70 months. Among THEse, 31 months of THE study period is below THE acceptable threshold in green and non-reservoir seasons, which is ecologically worrying. THE distribution of THE vegetation index based on hexagons in 1985 and 2005 had a normal and almost normal distribution; But in 2020, THE graph deviated from THE normal state and skewed towards THE vegetation cover index under stress or even thin covers. According to THE analysis of THE indicators, it is predicted that THE Gorgan region is on THE border of such ecological developments and THE historical ecosystem of THE region is moving towards new ecosystems or being in a new equilibrium state with climatic conditions and human disturbances Extended Abstract Introduction Today, climate change and its obvious negative effects on terrestrial ecosystems have caused great concern to humans. THEse changes are effective on vegetation performance, plant distribution patterns, and have economic and environmental consequences. THErefore, it is important to know THE behavioral pattern of vegetation changes against climate changes. Reviewing THE studies of scientists in THE world shows many researchers have used THE NDVI index to study temporal and spatial changes in vegetation and its relationship with THE climatic index of precipitation in different parts of THE world. Studies have shown that NDVI follows precipitation with different time scales. Surveys showed that THEre are very few studies on determining THE threshold of changes in THE vegetation cover index in THE face of climate shocks. Determining THEse thresholds can provide a suitable solution for evaluating THE state of THE ecosystem, THE consequences of climate shocks and THE reversibility or disturbance in THE ecosystem. This study was conducted with THE aim of improving our understanding of THE dynamics of vegetation in THE forest city of Gorgan during 1985-2020 against climatic stresses.   Methodology THE current research is a comparative and monitoring research and seeks to test wheTHEr changes in vegetation cover are sensitive to climate shocks and also how THE ecosystem recovery process is through this index. To achieve THE gole, first, NDVI index was selected among THE optimal vegetation indices and its calculation process was done as a time series in THE GEE system. In parallel with those climate shocks, THE main elements including temperature, precipitation and storm were calculated during THE historical process of 35 years and THE average and standard deviation statistical indicators were calculated for THEm and THE trend of changes in THE thresholds was determined. THE results of climate plots and climate changes show that in THE years before 1985, 2005 and 2020, drastic changes have occurred in climatic elements and climatic factors. THErefore, THEse years can be considered as THE periods when THE climate shock happened.. Next, THE region was divided into 436 hexagons and THE NDVI index for each of THE hexagons was calculated and modeled for THE years 1985, 2005 and 2020 as selected years affected by climate shocks. In conclusion, to analyze THE trend of changes in THE time series of THE vegetation index and compare THE behavior of its changes with climatic indices, THE Palmer index was calculated.   Results and discussion THE results of climate change monitoring based on THE Palmer index showed that during THE statistical period THE study area is facing drought in most years. THE most severe climatic fluctuations and drought in THE region were recorded in 2018 and in THE months of October to December. THE longest period of drought has also prevailed in THE region from 2013 to 2020. During this period, rainfall, temperature and storm fluctuations have THE most changes. THE results of drought monitoring show that in 270 months, THE region is facing climatic drought stress, 57 months of THE study period, THE region is facing severe and very severe drought stress. THE results of THE time series of THE NDVI vegetation index showed that, out of THE 420 evaluated months, 70 months of THE year THE NDVI index is below THE change threshold, 31 of which are in THE green and non-accumulating seasons, THE seasons when THE vegetation is expected to be at its maximum. Placing below THE acceptable range means crossing THE ecological thresholds and challenges THE recovery and restoration of THE ecosystem, also THE ecological performance will be affected at this point. Based on THE assessment of THE Palmer index, from 2014 to 2019, THE situation of THE Palmer index is in THE extreme drought range. Also, since 2015, i.e. with a one-year time delay, NDVI index has experienced THE lower limit of THE equilibrium threshold of vegetation cover. THEse conditions are also valid for THE years 2008, 2009, 2002 and 1997. In general, it can be said that THE vegetation cover index is dependent on climatic changes and fluctuations and shows high sensitivity to changes. THE important point in this section is that in THE years when THE NDVI index changes are at THE lower limit of THE threshold, we witness THE most climate shocks and temperature changes, THE occurrence of severe storms and precipitation fluctuations. THE distribution of THE vegetation index based on hexagons in 1985 and 2005 have a normal distribution; but in 2020, THE graph has deviated from THE normal state and skewed towards THE vegetation cover index under stress or even thin covers. THE visual interpretation done on THE vegetation cover index in 1985 confirms THE condition of THE vegetation cover in THE souTHErn and western limits of THE region in a state with suitable dense and pasture vegetation and forest cover on THE edges. However, in 2005 and 2020, this cover has been changed and mainly turned into agricultural land and poor rangeland. In such a way that in 2020, THE situation of THE region has revealed THE critical state of vegetation. THE vegetation cover index in THE central areas of THE city has also reached from a relatively favorable situation in 1985 to a critical situation with almost no dense and stress-free vegetation cover in 2020. THE results of THE present studies are consistent with THE studies of Visentr Serrano et al. in 2013 and confirm THE relationship between NDVI vegetation and climate change. In addition, THE results of THE studies are consistent with THE studies of Alwesabi 2012, Xiai & Moody, 2005 and Yan et al. 2001. In such a way that THE present study and THE aforementioned studies all confirm THE influence of THE vegetation index on climate fluctuations and precipitation with a one-year time difference.       Conclusion In general, THE threshold is defined as a border with different conditions. After crossing THE thresholds, THE stability and positioning of THE NDVI in THE equilibrium range is often difficult, and THE ecosystem is constantly spending energy to restore itself or to position itself in a new stability state. THE result of THE mentioned disorders is THE reduction of resilience and resistance in THE region, which leads THE ecosystem to alternative states or crossing THE threshold or being in a new equilibrium state. THE results showed that THE areas where green vegetation is concentrated and denser are less affected by climatic stresses and show more resilience. However, THE areas that have become spots and islands due to destruction in THE urban areas are more affected by climatic stress and destruction and show less tolerance against THE destruction factors. THE results help managers to focus THEir management plans for THE preservation and maintenance of urban green spaces as well as forest and pasture ecotones on THE edge of THE city by knowing THE thresholds.   Funding THEre is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to THE conceptualization and writing of THE article. All of THE authors approved THEcontent of THE manuscript and agreed on all aspects of THE work declaration of competing interest none.   Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments  We are grateful to all THE scientific consultants of this paper.